Pullorum Disease

Pullorum disease is a worldwide disease of newly hatched chicks. transmitted within egg frim a carrier hen and ussualy causing death in incibator or brooder,

Etiology

The disease is caused by nommotile salmonella organism, Namely salmonella pullorum, The organism can grow easily on nutrition agar, serum agar beef agar, etc. Yeast Extract added to media help growth, temperature of 37 'C and Ph of 7.0 are favourable for growth on media.

Host

Poltry, turkeys, quails, duck sparrow pigeon can suffer from the disease. Broiler are more susceptible to the disease, It is a disease of newly hatched chicks. The chick die between 2 and 7 day of age. if they have infection during hatching (infected age) and if they get infection after hatching, they show symptoms about 10 days post post infection. up to the age of 3 weeks.

Symptoms

The newly hatched chicks may die without showing any marked symptoms. others show symptoms symptoms similiar to those of paratyphoid, such as huddling near the source of heat, somnolence, loss of appetite anda white diarrhoea. sometimes, the adults may show symptoms similiar to those of fowl typhoid

Epidemiology

Infection to chicks comes from the infected egg, laid by carrier hen, In the incubators, the hatched, diseased chick spreads infections to other healty chicks. Infection may enter through water or feed, Contaminated with feaces of a disable chick or also by inhalation of dust having bacteria, rarely through the eyes (conjunctiva) and wounds, there are asymptomatic carriers among aduls bird.

Infected hen may lay up to 34 per cent infected egg. chicks sexing can also spread infection from chicks to another. files can also help in spread of the disease.

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terimakasih

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2 Fowl Cholera

This is an acute, contagious disease causing heavy mortality but sometimes subacute and chronic forms may also occur. Pasteur was the first to attenuate this organism in 1880 and probably make the first vaccine in the world.

Etiology
The disease is caused by a gram negative, capsulated, bipolar. nonmotile, bacteria called pasteuteula multocida, There are several strains which differ in virulence hence there are variation in severity of disease, lesions and mortality (acute, subacute and chronic forms).

P.multocida are of type A, which are indole positive. the system based on gel diffussion precipitin (GDP)

Resistance to chemicals
The organisms are killed by 1% formalin, 1% caustic soda and 1% phenol and by most of the modern disinfectant given under the chapter on disinfectants.

Aymptoms
Loss of appeite, bluishness of combs, wattles, catarrhal discharge from nostril, fever. prostration, drolling of saliva, and diarrhoea.
diarhoea later becomes yellowish and greenish. Death occurs due to dehydration and septicaemia, and varies between 15 to 90 per cent, depending on the strain of the causal organism.
In 3-6 week old broilers the birds revealed 'getting down' on legs and dying.

Chronic Form
This Form of the disease may be seen in terminal stage of an outbreak or as sporadic cases. Most common form is oedema of wattles, combs and sometimes as otitis,arthritis etc.

Pathology.
In acute form, petechial haemorrhages on heart, occasionally on gizzard muscles, proventriculus and serosa of intestines and abdominal fat are common.
there is venous congestion of internal organs. sepecially abdominal organs, causing enlargement and dark colouration of liver, kidneys and spleen, ova may be congested of ruptured.

Enteritis is almost a constant feature. Fibrinous covering on airsacs, liver and heart may be seen. lungs may be congested and sometimes consolidated due to pneumonia. In some cases, liver show pin point sized, necrotic spots all over the liver parenchyma.

In chronic forms, the affected wattles, combs or joints show yellowish, thick pus or cheesy exudate. Conjunctivitis and facial oedema may also be seen.

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2 Beating Bacteria with organic

USA a mixture of organic acids and plant extracts turn out to be enough to greatly reduce pathogenic bacteria on chicken breast meat.

Food safety consortium researches at the university of arkansas system's division of agriculture found that they could greatly reduce E.coly 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and salmonela typhimurium in chicken breast meat by infusing combinations of organic acids into the meat.

The experiments were also performed with extracts from green tea and grape seeds in combination with the acids.
Malic, citric and tartaric acid appeared most effective againt S. Typhimurium and E.coli o157:H, more than against L. monocytogenes. with irradiation factored in, the result were significant againt all the pathogens.

"We want to determine the least amount of plant extract that we can use and the least amount of irradiation dosage to get the best inhibitory effect," said navam hettiarachchy, a UA food science profesor who supervised the project.

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5 mycoplasma synoviae and pasteurella gallinarum infection

Out break of disease with heavy mortality in broiler has been reported from U.S.A. due to combined infection of M.synoviae and atypical strain of pasteurella gallinarum. The P.gallinarum isolated from outbreak was confirmed as pathogencity test.

Sign
Coughing started on day 45 and mortality rose up to 3rd week of age.
Mortality declined during 4th week and rose again during 5weeks of age, achieving peak in 7th week. Mortality varied from 8.4 to 14% at onset 48.1 to 59.8% during peak.

Pathology
Predominent lession were as follows

1. mucoid tracheitis (about 75% cases)
2. fibrinopurulent pericarditis (about 65% cases)
3. thick fibrinopurulent exudate on liver (about 60% cases)
4. air succulitis (about 55% cases)
5. purulent synovitis of hock joint (about 18% cases)
6. congestion and dark foci in lungs (about 15% cases)
7. caseous plaques in upper oesophagus
8. bursae in all casses appreated atrophic

Histopathology
Moderate to sever inflammation of trachea, epithelial cell hyperlplasia and loss of cilia of epihelum were observed. lamina propria revealed lymphocytic infiltration, heterophilic infiltration or purulent exudate was found in tracheal lumen. there is fibrinopurulent pericarditis, fibrinous, perihepatitis, fibrino purulent air sacculitis and purulent synovitis of tibiotarsal joint.

Diagnosis
P.gallinarum can be isolated from pericardium, joints, liver and air sacs on 5% sheep blood agar or macConkey's agar on incubation at 37'C in 7.5 % Co2, M.synoviae were isolated and modified frey's agar and then inoculation in to modified frey's both. Consecutive weekly subculture is attempted before declaring negative.
Pathogenicity test of P.gallinarum should be done because P.gallinarum isolated from upper respiratory tract are nonpathogenic. It's isolation from internal organs (pericardium air sacs and liver) should be one step in confirming pathogenicity.
As a second step intramuscular inoculation of 3 week old healthy chicks should reproduce lession as described above.

thanks

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0 what is bird flu

We keep hearing about bird flu. Sounds scary, but what exactly is involved? Why are governments freaking out?

Avian invluenza is a very contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally only infect birds and, sometimes, pigs. Avian influenza viruses have, on rare occasions, crossed the species barrier to infect humans.

In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease. The so-called "low pathogenic(less dangerous)" form commonly causes only mild symptoms (ruffled feathers, a drop in egg production) and may easily go undetected.

The highly pathogenic(more dangerous) form is much more serious. It spreads very rapidly through poultry flocks, causes disease affecting multiple internal organs, and has a death rate that can approach 100%, often within 48 hours.

Which viruses cause the serious disease?

Influenza A viruses1 many differnet types. Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes dangerous. However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are that dangerous and not all will cause severe disease in poultry.

H5 and H7 viruses are common in poultry flocks in their mild form. The problem is that when allowed to circulate among many bird populations, the viruses can mutate, quickly, into the highly dangerous form. This is why the presence of an H5 or H7 virus in poultry is always cause for concern, even when the initial signs of infection are mild.

What can you do to protect yourself? One thing is to take immune boosting
A wise Herbal protection would be to take Astragalus Root as a daily protective tonic.

Known as HuangQi(pronounced "WongChi"), Astragalus
is a TCM Herb, prescribed as a tonic, for centuries, for strength and vitality. Taken as a tea or tincture, two to three times daily,
Astragalus can boost your ability to protect and fight flu in general.
A TCM botanical that fights viruses is Honeysuckle(Lonicera, in Latin). Yes, the pretty ,sweet smelling yellow, or pink flower is a serious antiviral medicine. The Chinese have used the unopened buds, known as JinYinHua for centuries to combat infection.

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